Jewish Death And Burial Practices - 1410 Words

Introduction Burial has long been considered an important component of death; it is the mourners’ final encounter with the recognizable, substantial body of the deceased. Every culture has to determine how to deal with the physical remains of the dead, to find a way to honour their memory, and to go on living in a society that is now deprived of one of its members. Burial traditions and practices have developed throughout history and around the world to meet this human need. This paper will examine Jewish death and burial practices from the Old Testament, the Gospels, and other New Testament accounts, as well as archaeological evidence from first century Palestine; this evidence, when compared to recent arguments against the burial of†¦show more content†¦This was also the first of seven days of mourning. This mourning took place publicly, either just outside the entrance of the tomb, or inside the tomb itself.. Burial in the Jewish nation most commonly occurred in a family tomb, usually a cave located outside the city proper, and therefore away from where people lived. In the Old Testament, the euphemism for death, â€Å"slept with his fathers,† references the familial tomb (eg. 1 Kings 2:10; 1 Kings 11:43; 2 Kings 15:7,22,38; 2 Chr. 26:2,23). The Jewish people in the Old Testament showed respect for the dead by providing them with proper burials. In Scripture, examples of burial of the dead date back to the days of the patriarchs (Sarah, Gen. 23; Abraham, Gen. 25, Jacob, Gen. 50), the judges (Tola and Jair, Judg. 10; Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon, Judg. 12), and the kings, both good and evil (Saul, 1 Sam. 31; David, 1 Kings 2; Manasseh, 2 Kings 21; and Josiah, 2 Kings 23). In keeping with the Mosaic laws, even executed criminals were to be buried promptly, in order to avoid defiling the land: â€Å"When someone is convicted of a crime punishable by death and is executed, and you hang him on a tree, his corpse must not remain all night upon the tree; you shall bury him that same day, for anyone hung on a tree is under God’s curse. You must not defile the land that the Lord your God is giving you for possession.† (Deuteronomy 21:22–23, New Revised Standard Version) It was permissible in Jewish culture

The Impact of Modern Social Networking Technologies on the...

Modern forms of social networking can be a challenge and an advantage for people of any age, this can be particularly so for teenagers. This essay will discuss the positives and negatives of modern forms of social networking in the lives of teenagers today, in comparison to the methods of social networking used in past generations. Firstly, this essay will argue that modern social networking methods can provide many benefits to teenagers today which were not available to past generations. Secondly, this essay will argue that modern social networking methods can lead to increased levels of stress and can have a negative impact on teenagers’ lives in ways that social networking methods available to past generations did not. Thirdly this†¦show more content†¦This may mean that teenagers in past generations would have been less likely to get help they needed. Teenagers today can have more contact with friends and have more choice in the type of contact they have (Tynes 2007). Teenagers can communicate with their friends face-to-face, through SMS, phone calls, emails, social networking websites, discussion boards, chat rooms, journals, blogs, online games and through numerous other online activities. This gives them greater opportunities to communicate in ways which they find more comfortable. It allows for greater expression, for example, on My Space they can design their page and put up information which they feel describes them best. In past generations teenagers had limited options for communication, predominantly phone calls and face-to-face, with letters written if it was someone who lived a long way from them, or during classes. Although letter writing allowed expression on an individual level, the expression on online profiles, blogs and journals allows the teenager to share this with all of their friends and families, as well as p otential friends. The second argument this essay will make is that many teenagers are always connected, which can have a negative impact on their lives. Teenagers today usually have their mobile phone with them and switched on, this means that people can contact them at any time, wherever they are (Hill 2010). TheShow MoreRelatedCyberbullying: Are Social Networking Websites The Cause? Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesOn average, people spend over 700 BILLION minutes on Facebook in one month. (Facebook) In todays day and age, social networking sites have taken over the internet. Sites such as MySpace, Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr have linked people together in a way that was never thought possible. However, from all good comes bad, and from social networking sites the act of cyber bullying - bullying and harassing someone through the internet was born. 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Information technology (IT) is the category that social networking fall s under, and is rapidly changing while being integrated into many areas of modern day Australian life. The reason being, childrenRead MoreArgumentative Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Argumentative Essay Braden Rawson Social Networking or the use of specific websites or applications to interact with other users is one of the many key and driving factors today in our world. We find ourselves lost for many minutes or possibly hours at a time on any particular app or website. Looking deeper into the issue of social networking and its impact on our life, I highly doubt we have accomplished anything at all. A very smart man once said, â€Å"Time is money.† If that quote is true do we

Marketing & Management Organising and Controlling

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Managementfor Organising and Controlling. Answer: Importance of Communication and Language within the Organisation Effective communication process and style is appropriate for every individual, who are closely associated within an organisation in order to perform own assigned tasks in suitable manner. Lockwood (2012) has mentioned that every operations, activities and function of an organisation such as leading, organising, controlling and planning require an excellent communication skill. Even in this provided video, it is evident that my friend cannot get appropriate answer from the staff of the company just because this individual is unable to speak English language in fluent manner to resolve the query of the consumers. According to Robles (2012), it is the fundamental responsibility of every management of an organisation only to recruit employees, who have the potentiality to satisfy the demand and criteria of the consumers. Consumers are the heart of any kind of business; therefore, if an organisation fails to retain its consumers with employing appropriate communication process, then it wi ll reduce the position of the company in the market. In this video, my friend wants to ask something about the Samsung smart phone, however, because of the communication gap, the staffs of the company understands that he wants information regarding iPhone. Even my friend has to go and clarify his query from the higher authority of the organisation. Cheung and Thadani (2012) have determined that communication plays a vital role to provide relevant information to the consumers, which may influence the purchasing preferences and abilities of them. An effective communication is not only appropriate for the employees; however, it is required for every leader, business experts and the managers of the organisation. Wang et al. (2012) has suggested that there are various type of communications followed by the organisation including horizontal, cross, down to up and up to down communication. Oral communication is significant for every stakeholders of an organisation in order to reach to the desired target of it. The fundamental information of communication plays a perfect strategic role in the established and regulatory working environment. According to Bargiela-Chiappini et al. (2013), a potential communication supports the constant improvement of the positive relationships with the community of the stakeholders, which can be utilised in order to motivate and influence the behaviours and attitudes of them. Language clarity is the most significant part for the stakeholders. Ruck and Welch (2012) have suggested that a good communication style of the stakeholders has the potentiality to examine the basic considerations for designing the mechanisms and communication content. However, there are also potential barriers of human communication, such as physical barriers, attitude barriers, physiological barriers system designs and individual linguistic ability. In this video, it can be seen, that the staff of the company encounters the communication barrier of individual linguistic ability, as this person is unable to communicate with the clients in English language fluently. Even the particular staff uses inappropriate words while interacting with my friend and it prevents us to understand the actual message he is trying to convey. Every statement of this staff is poorly explained and this misunderstood message creates confusion. However, after understanding the situation, we move to the higher management of the company and complain about the inability of the staff of speaking English in fluent manner. Even my friend also asked the management to take effective measures for resolving the communication problem as it seriously hampers the brand image and reputation of the company. As opined by Gustafsson et al. (2012), communication should be collaborative in manner and not competitive in nature as it employs negativity within the stakeholders of the company. Communication involves a two way process, therefore the staffs of an organisation should interact with the clients in fr iendly manner in order to offer the solutions to the query or any kind of problem the client encounters. As the staff cannot understand and speak English fluently, therefore, we have to go to the higher management and it surely wastes our time. VerÄ iÄ  et al. (2012) have mentioned that an effective communication helps an individual to socialise. Communication with every stakeholder of the organisation should be considered as an important part of regular routine of the organisation. Only with well-developed and well-designed communication style, competence and routines, the higher authority interacts with various groups of stakeholders. The communication of stakeholdes involves their expectations, requirements, opinions and knowledge in order to understand the policies of the organisation. According to Clifton (2012), every organisation focuses on the constant improvement of the strategies in order to support potential external and internal communication process as bot h of these communications play vital role in the future success of an organisation and retaining the market share within the particular market with appropriate brand image and reputation. Management Theories Related Communication Communication and classical management theories involve that the managerial authority solely drives communication. Communication and classical management theories also believes that the associated individuals of the organisation are economic actors and rational. It also has enough capabilities in order to emphasise the concept that the staffs are always important for the productivity and success of an organisation. Their style, skill and process of communication are also important for an organisation in order to interact with the targeted consumers and the existing consumers of the company, as retaining the consumers is the best policy to develop the business operation and hold a suitable position in the market. As opposed by Castronovo and Huang (2012), communication within an organisation is always a top down process and the higher authority is closely and strictly tied to the position. Classical theories of business communication explore various relevant aspects of the organisatio nal communication for the better future and success in the market. However, this theory concentrates on the structure of the company and then analyses important aspects including the optimal performance plans of the organisation, compartmentalising various organisational units and power relationship (Cornelissen 2014). This theory also helps the business experts of the organisation to appreciate, comprehend interaction, behaviours, attitudes and recognition of it. Modern theories of organisational communication have been made in order to suggest effective ideas to interact with the consumers in better manner than the previous era. As opined by Cova et al. (2012), the marketing process, demand and criteria of the clients are constantly changing in todays competitive business world and every organisations changes their process and style of interaction in order to attract the new generation customers. The marketers and the employees of the organisation generally uses social media platform such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, blogs, snap chat and official website of the company in order to provide relevant and adequate information and interact with the clients in proper and easiest manner. Everybody in todays modern and technological world has account in the social media, therefore, it is easy for the marketers and the management of the company to interact with the clients through this platform. There are even facilities of column for customer fe edback, which is another great medium to communicate with the customers (Cornelissen 2014). Modern theories have concentrated on developing the organisational communication because the scholars an the business experts have thoroughly understood the necessity and importance of communication in todays competitive business world. However the face to face interaction process is reducing in gradual manner with the implication of modern technologies within the organisation and the associates generally follow the email-etiquette instead of verbal or oral communication, which was a traditional mode of communication. Recommendations to Overcome the Lack of an Employee to Communicate Although every organisation maintains a suitable communication style and process while dealing with the clients, still, some effective recommendations will enhance their communication skill in efficient manner. Similarly, in the provided video, when my friend has asked the higher authority of the company regarding the lack of the employee, who is unable to talk in English, the management also mention about the training process of the employees that will develop the communication skill. However, there are few recommendations that may help this employee to enhance own communication skill in the workplace in order to deal with the clients in appropriate manner. This particular employee should select the direct form of communication over electronic media. The individual should be a good listener before developing own communication skill. The individual should sharpen own messages with incorporating key words and should grow patience level. During the training period, the employee should keep a notepad in order to take relevant notes and should follow during mock interaction session. The employee should interact with the colleagues more in order to reduce any kind of challenges while interacting the clients. The training session should involve English language class as he employee lacks the basic knowledge of English and the way of conversation. With the following of these above mentioned recommendations, this employee will be potential and effective to communicate with the clients. Even it will enhance overall culture of the workplace. The training procedures will eliminate existing barriers with resolving the problems. At the same time, an excellent communication skill will build a strong workplace relationships, which helps to increase the basic level of ultimate productivity of the company that may denote the future success of the company. References Bargiela-Chiappini, F., Nickerson, C. and Planken, B., 2013. What is Business Discourse?. InBusiness Discourse(pp. 3-44). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Castronovo, C. and Huang, L., 2012. Social media in an alternative marketing communication model.Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness,6(1), p.117. Cheung, C.M. and Thadani, D.R., 2012. The impact of electronic word-of-mouth communication: A literature analysis and integrative model.Decision Support Systems,54(1), pp.461-470. Clifton, J., 2012. Conversation analysis in dialogue with stocks of interactional knowledge: Facework and appraisal interviews.Journal of Business Communication, p.0021943612436974. Cornelissen, J., 2014.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Cova, B., Kozinets, R. and Shankar, A., 2012.Consumer tribes. Routledge. Gustafsson, A., Kristensson, P. and Witell, L., 2012. Customer co-creation in service innovation: a matter of communication?.Journal of Service Management,23(3), pp.311-327. Lockwood, J., 2012. Are We Getting the Right People for the Job? A Study of English Language Recruitment Assessment Practices in the Business Processing Outsourcing Sector India and the Philippines.Journal of Business Communication,49(2), pp.107-127. Robles, M.M., 2012. Executive perceptions of the top 10 soft skills needed in todays workplace.Business Communication Quarterly,75(4), pp.453-465. Ruck, K. and Welch, M., 2012. Valuing internal communication; management and employee perspectives.Public Relations Review,38(2), pp.294-302. VerÄ iÄ , A.T., VerÄ iÄ , D. and Sriramesh, K., 2012. Internal communication: Definition, parameters, and the future.Public relations review,38(2), pp.223-230. Wang, X., Yu, C. and Wei, Y., 2012. Social media peer communication and impacts on purchase intentions: A consumer socialization framework.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(4), pp.198-208.

Into the Air Changing a War free essay sample

A look at the changes in warfare based on the developments in airplane technology. This paper is on how the airplane changed the way war was fought when it was introduced in the early 1900s. The author focuses on WWI and the advancements that planes made in a short period of time. For over twenty years prior to the beginning of the war European countries had been making alliances with each other to promote peace. There were two major alliances the Triple Alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and the Triple Entente consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia. The second major reason was in the theory of Militarism which is the building up of the military forces. The more one nation built up its army and navy, the more other nations felt they had to do the same. The final main cause that led to World War I was the new imperialistic view that countries were obtaining. We will write a custom essay sample on Into the Air: Changing a War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page France and Britain had the largest number of colonies throughout the world and now Germany and Italy wanted a piece of the action. Serbia was a main interest to the countries in both of the alliances. Austria wanted to dominate the Balkans and suppress Serbia because they were starting to lose the power that they once had.

Health Psychology Essays

Health Psychology Essays Health Psychology Paper Health Psychology Paper Health psychology can be safely termed as one of the relatively newer faces of applied psychology. As defined by Taylor: â€Å"†¦ the use of psychological principles to promote health and to prevent illness (Taylor 1990). The biopsychosocial model has been adopted in this field in which it considers the social, biological, behavioral, emotional, cognitive, psychosomatic and environmental factors as they relate to health care at the level of individuals (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia). Although Health Psychology traces its origin from clinical psychology it has been classified into four different approaches: clinical, public health, community and critical health psychology (Marks, Murray et al., 2005). This purpose of this study is to provide a critical analysis of the current state of knowledge and literature available in the field of health psychology.   It has been verified in literature that physical health may be influenced by psychology through different direct and indirect means. There is also some evidence that certain negative mental states such as depression and anxiety can directly affect physical immunity through production of stress hormones, such as the catecholamines and glucocorticoids (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia). There has been much debate on this research, however, there is also some indication that negative psychological states may lead to faster disease progression in certain diseases such as HIV and heart disease through these direct biological mechanisms. Also, disease processes can be indirectly affected by emotional states through their influence on health behaviors of individuals. Health psychologists have critiqued and deconstructed the individualism of mainstream health psychology and proposed innovative qualitative methods and frameworks for investigating health experience and behavior (Marks, Murray et al., 2005). Literature Review As more and more advance theories and research methodologies are being studied, health psychology is now considered both a theoretical and applied field. Many different and innovative methods are employed including questionnaires, interviews, controlled studies, and actions designed to bring about change using action research (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia). Health psychologists conduct health interviews with clients that aim to construct a more holistic picture of each person’s health, one that includes their genes, religious beliefs, social supports, living conditions, emotional state, and beliefs of health, etc. They use this information to work alongside a person’s physicians and therapists to develop a treatment tailored for individual needs or to develop greater empowerment among the communitys members so that the community is able to strengthen and sustain its own quality of life (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia). To support the above argument a study by Raeburn et al was based on community needs assessment, empowerment, community control and other community psychology principles and combined with a cognitive-behavioral approach to stress management derived from health psychology (Raeburn 1993). Generally stress is seen as involving the interaction of the person with his or her environment and is evidenced psychologically, behaviorally, cognitively, emotionally and socially when demands are perceived as excessive or where one’s coping resources are perceived to be inadequate. Health psychologists are generally in agreement that stress lessened or buffered in situations where there is a sense of personal control and efficacy and where perceived social support is present. As may be seen, community psychology principles of empowerment, competence building, and a psychological sense of community blend well with these notions (Raeburn 1993). Crossley has argued that there is a need to re-think the approaches and methods of mainstream health psychology (Crossley 2006). Several questions have been raised: Has the attempt to feed into the dominant biopsychosocial model of health and health care, and the resultant creation of quantifiable psychological measures congruent with biomedical data, served to submerge other important human values? These values must surely take central place in psychology, even if in no other domain? We must question whether the pursuit of ‘psychological health technology’ has become an end in itself? Is contemporary health psychology serving simply to reinforce the potentially destructive changes occurring in the wake of the rationalization of health care? Is there a need to step back from the professional ‘modernizing’ tendency to rush in and intervene in the ‘management’ of health-and illness-related issues? The process of rethinking health psychology involves the injection of a much needed sense of caution, a heavy dose of modesty, and a proper academic skepticism with regard to the limitations of our knowledge (Crossley 2006). To see the affect of psychological notion like hostility on health the study by Vandervoort supported the hypotheses that compared to their low hostility counterparts, hostile individuals would report more health problems, have a greater tendency to express irrational beliefs, and be more likely to cope with negative affect via the use of avoidant and confrontive coping strategies (Vandervoort 2006). As hypothesized, the use of confrontive coping was found to be most prominent for dealing with anger. Also, as hypothesized, irrational beliefs as well as avoidant coping with anger were found to play a mediating role in the relationship between hostility and health (Vandervoort 2006). That is, irrational beliefs and avoidant coping with anger explain, in part, how hostility is related to health. The results do not, of course, suggest that these are the only avenues via which hostility is related health. Given the paucity of literature on the mediating effects of irrational beliefs and coping styles on the relationship between hostility and health, as well as the general belief system of hostile individuals, replication of the findings is needed with various populations. This should include longitudinal studies investigating the stability (or lack thereof) of beliefs and coping patterns for it is only relatively stable maladaptive patterns that are likely to be etiological factors for major health problems (Vandervoort 2006). Should adequate future research replicate these findings, they would be informative for mental health clinicians treating clients with hostility problems as well as programs designed to ameliorate the impact of hostility on the development and course of disease.

Effective dose of atropine Essays

Effective dose of atropine Essays Effective dose of atropine Essay Effective dose of atropine Essay The treatment will try to depict the undermentioned subjects of phase2 and phase3. Effective dosage of Atropine, selective dosage Atropine, Atropine and B16, effectual dosage of Chlorphenamine. , selective dosage of Chlorphenamine, Chlophenamine and B16, Mimicry of B16, Digestion by pseudo-cholinesterase on B16, protection by Neostigmine of B16, and potentiation of B16. The receptor selectivity and the clinical utilizations of the drugs involved will be briefly mentioned. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of choline. It s a neurotransmitter that acts on cholinergic synapses to propagate nervus urges. It has high and equal authority for muscurinic and nicotinic receptors. It is besides extremely susceptible to breakdown by cholinesterase. ( Sb1035 Dr E Gaskell Lecture notes on ANS ) Methacholine is a man-made choline ester that has a high authority for muscurinic receptors, and a low authority for nicotinic receptors. It is non broken down by Pseudo-cholinesterase, and is easy broken down by acetyl-cholinesterase. It s used in lung map trials to find if a patient has Asthma, it causes brochospasm to happen. ( http: //www.drugs.com/cdi/methacholine-solution.html ) Carbachol is agonist of the muscurinic and nicotinic receptors, but is more powerful on nicotinic curates. It is non broken down by Cholinesterase. Its clinical application includes the intervention of Glaucoma. It causes contraction of round musculus in the oculus taking to an addition in end product of aqueous temper. ( Sb1035 Dr E Gaskell Lecture notes on ANS ) Atropine is alkaloid which is obtained from the works Atropa deadly nightshade ( lifelessly nightshade ) blocks cholinergic receptors. Its clinical utilizations involve dilation of the student of the oculus, during oculus scrutinies. Chlorphenamine is an antihistamine it blocks histamine receptors. It clinical utilizations involve the intervention of allergic reactions, such as itchiness. ( Robert M. Youngson, 1999, Collins lexicon of medical specialty, Glasgow, Hapercollins ) Neostigmine is a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. As it interferes with the dislocation of Acetylcholine is prolongs the consequence of it. Its clinical usage includes the addition in the musculus tone of people with Myasthenia Gravis. ( Robert M. Youngson, 1999, Collins lexicon of medical specialty, Glasgow, Hapercollins ) 1.1 Effective dosage of atropine The purpose of the first experiment was to find the effectual dosage of Atropine. Three doses of atropine were titrated with Acetylcholine. These were Lower 110-8M, average 110-7M, and higher 110-8M. The consequences from figure 1.1 show that the medium dose 110-7M was the most effectual dosage, as it caused a displacement of the log-dose curve to the right diminishing its authority. Besides this dosage did non impact the Emax significantly. The Emax was shown to be 94 % ( for Acetylcholine with Atropine dose 110-7M. ) The authority was found to diminish from 1.310-7M for Acetylcholine without Atropine ( at clip 0 ) , to 2.610-5M for Acetylcholine with Atropine dose 110-7M. The smaller dosage had an consequence in diminishing authority ( 1.810-6M ) , but a larger Emax was produced 143 % . The higher dosage caused Acetylcholine non to react to do a contraction in the Guinea hog ileum. Using the higher dosage of Atropine gave an Emax of 0, and an Ed50 of 0. This meant that the dosage o f Atropine was excessively high to move as a competitory inhibitor, and hence irreversible suppression had taken topographic point. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 1.2 Selective dose Atropine. The purpose of this experiment was to find if the effectual dosage of Atropine is besides a selective dosage. As the effectual dosage of Atropine has been established to be 110-7M, it is critical that the effectual dosage is selective for muscurinic receptors. This was done by utilizing the autocoid agonist Histamine. Histamine binds to H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, non muscurinic receptors. A selective dosage of Atropine should non diminish the authority of Histamine. The consequences from figure 1.2 show that Histamine with and without antagonist Atropine have close Emax and ED50 values. The Emax for Histamine at clip 0 gave an Emax of 100 % and an ED50 of 310-6M. The Emax for Histamine and Atropine ( 110-7M ) was found to be 103 % , and the Ed50 was found to be 7.510-6M. The Emax for Histamine repetition was found to be 88 % , and the Ed50 obtained was 2.310-6M. Even though there is a little lessening in authority for Histamine with Atropine, this difference is little, and hence c an non be important. The consequences display that the chosen dosage of Atropine 110-7M is an effectual and selective dosage for cholinergic receptors. That Atropine did non affect Histamine activity. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 1.3 Atropine and B16. The purpose of this experiment was to find what the effectual and selective dosage of Atropine ( 110-7M ) had on the unknown drug B16. Figure 1.3 shows that atropine had a important consequence on the authority of B16, with little alterations in Emax. The Emax of B16 entirely at clip 0, and clip 25 of the experiment was 100 % , and 79 % severally. The Ed50 for B16 entirely at clip 0, and clip 25 was 2.210-7M and 4.510-7M severally. The little alterations may be due to weave desensitisation, and due to the high affinity of Atropine. ( Meaning after washouts Atropine is still present ) Two B16 with Atropine cumulative log dosage responses were performed, at clip 10 and besides clip 15. The Emax and ED50 for B16 with Atropine at 10 proceedingss were 80 % , and 2.510-5M. For B16 with Atropine at 15 proceedingss the Emax and ED50 were 89 % and 2.010-5M. A important decrease in the authority can be seen from B16 entirely 2.210-7M to B16 with Atropine 2.0-2.510-5M. This implies competitory hostility was taking topographic point. This means that Atropine was barricading Cholinergic receptors, which B16 acts on. Hence it may be deduced that B16 is a cholinergic agonist, and it possibly Acetylcholine, Methacholine, or Carbachol. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 2.1 Effective dosage of Chlorphenamine. The purpose experiment 2.1 was to find an effectual dosage of Chlorphenamine. Chlorphenamine is an adversary of Histamine receptors. An effectual dosage is a dosage which will cut down the authority of Histamine ; nevertheless the same dosage should non impact the Emax of Histamine. Three doses of Chlorphenamine were tried out 110-7M ( high dosage ) , 110-8M ( medium dosage ) , and 110-9M ( low dosage ) . The consequences from figure 2.1 show. Histamine without adversary at clip 0 showed an Emax of 100 % and ED50 of 9.510-7M. Histamine with Chlorphenamine dose 110-9M produced an Emax of 150 % , and an ED50 of 2.110-6M. This shows that with the lower dosage of the adversary the efficaciousness is increased, and the authority is decreased. The medium dosage of adversary gave an Emax value of 107 % , and an ED50 value of 710-6M. This shows a important lessening in authority, and a similar Emax value compared to Histamine entirely ( at clip 0. ) The higher dosage of Chlorphenamine displa yed an Emax of 0, and a authority of 0 intending irreversible hostility has taken topographic point. Over all it can be seen that the most effectual dosage is 110-8M, because the Emax has non changed significantly, and the authority has been reduced. The log dosage curve has been shifted to the right manus side. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 2.2 Selective dosage of Chlorphenamine, The consequences from figure 2.2 show that Acetylcholine at clip 0 gave an Emax value of 100 % , and the authority calculated to be 1.910-7M. Acetylcholine with 1.910-7M of Chlorphenamine displayed an Emax of 107 % , and a authority of 1.110-7M. The consequences display that there is no important alterations in Emax or authority with the adversary. Overall it can be seen the dosage selected is effectual and selective for Histamine receptors. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 2.3 Effective and selective dosage of Chlorphenamine on B16. The purpose of experiment 2.3 was to measure if the effectual and selective dosage for Chlorphenamine was capable to competitively antagonize the unknown drug B16. The consequences from figure 2.3 shows three log dose responses as follows. B16 entirely at clip 0, B16 and chlorphenamine 110-8M, and B16 at clip 25. The consequences display the Emax`s as 88 % , 100 % and 89 % severally, and the ED50 values are 2.2 x10-6M, 1.010-5M, and 7.010-6M severally. From the consequences it can be demonstrated that the effectual and selective dosage of Chlorphenamine did non hold any important consequence on the drug B16. This means shows that B16 is non moving on the autocoid receptor H1. This besides confirms the earlier determination that B16 is a muscurinic agonist. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 3.1 Mimicry of B16 with other muscurinic agonists. The intent of the apery was to detect for other muscurinic agonists and to look for similar efficaciousness and authority values of that of unknown drug B16. B16 gave an Emax value of 100 % , and an ED50 value of 2.010-7M. This was similar to the values for Acetylcholine, and Methacholine. Acetylcholine gave an Emax value of 90, and ED50 value of 1.810-7M. Methylcholine gave an Emax value of 88 % , and an ED50 value of 1.810-7M. Carbachol gave a higher authority value of 1.010-7M, and a significantly lower Emax of 70 % . One account for Carbachol is that it acts more powerfully on nicotinic receptors, than muscurinic receptors. The tissue may incorporate less nicotinic receptors than muscurinic receptors ensuing in a lower Emax. B16 resembles the same authority and efficaciousness values as Acetycholine, and Methacholine. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 4.1 Digestion by pseudo-cholinesterase/ 4.2 Protection by Neostigmine. The consequences for Acetylcholine show that Acetylcholine by itself displayed a 100 % response. Acetylcholine with pseudo-esterase gave a 0 % response. The add-on of Acetycholine, esterase, and neostigmine gave a 96 % response, and the duplicability of Acetycholine was 78 % . This indicates that Acetycholine is capable to be digested by Pseudo-Cholinesterase from the Equus caballus s blood, and besides is protected from digestion by Neostigmine. The consequences for Methacholine show that Methacholine with pseudo-esterase and Neostigmine gave a maximal response of 100 % . Methacholine with esterase gave similar gave a response of 53 % . This is similar to Methacholine at clip 0, ( 41 % ) , and besides the duplicability curve for Methacholine 36 % . The consequences indicate that Methacholine is non capable to digestion, and that the add-on of Neostigmine has resulted in a heightened response. It may be possible that a important sum of esterase is already present, therefore cut downing the maximal possible response ab initio. There are two types of esterase Acetycholinesterase, found in synapses, and pseudocholinesterase found in the blood. Methacholine is easy broken down by Acetylcholinesterase, and is non affected by pseudo-cholinesterase. The add-on of Neostigmine has seemed to offer protection from the former, taking to a greater response of Methacholine. Brody ( 1998 ) / hypertext transfer protocol: //www.circ.ahajourna ls.org/cgi/content/full/94/6/1197 # top The consequences for Carbachol show that Carbachol, pseudo-esterase and Neostigmine gave a maximal response of 100 % . Carbachol with blood esterase gave a response of 60 % . This is near to the Carbachol at clip 0 ( 46 % ) , and Carbachol duplicability ( 70 % ) . These consequences are an anomalousness because Carbachol is non digested by both types of cholinesterase. ( Sb1035 Dr E Gaskell Lecture notes on ANS ) One account possibly is that a important sum of Acetylcholine possibly be already being released by the tissue, therefore a heightened response is seen with the add-on of Neostigmine. The consequences for B16 show that B16, esterase, and Neostigmine, gave a maximal response of 100 % . It shows that the effects of B16 are being potentiated by Neostigmine. This consequence is similar to that of Carbachol, and Methacholine. The responses of B16 at clip 0, B16 with blood esterase, and for B16 duplicability were 42 % , 36 % , and 44 % . These values bespeaking that B16 is non hydrolyzed by pseudo-cholinesterase. When comparing B16 to Methacholine, and Carbachol it has similar responses to Methacholine more than Carbachol. Overall B16 is non Acetylcholine. It possibly Carbochol, Methacholine or have similar belongingss to them. 4.3 Potentiation The consequences for Carbachol at clip 0 gave an Emax of 108 % and an ED50 of 910-7M. The duplicability curve for Carbachol gave an Emax of 87 % , and an ED50 value of 2.2 x10-6M. Carbachol and Neostigmine, gave a low Emax of 27, and an ED50 of 1.010-6M. The consequences show that the Emax and ED50 have been reduced with the add-on of Neostigmine. Therefore Neostigmine has non potentiated the effects of Carbachol. The Emax for Acetylcholine at clip 0 was 100 % , the ED50 was calculated to be 1.010-5M. The Emax for the duplicability of Acetylcholine was found to be 41 % , and the ED50 2.510-7M. Acetylcholine and Neostigmine displayed an Emax of 70 % , and an ED50 of 3.510-7M. The consequences display that there is some indicant for an addition in authority for Acetylcholine. The Emax of Methacholine at clip 0 and The ED50 were 100 % , and 210-6M severally. For Methacholine Repeat the Emax was 65 % , and the ED50 was 510-7M. For Methacholine with Neostigmine the Emax was found to be 75 % , and the ED50 was found to be 1.210-7M. It can be seen that the potency of Methacholine has increased with the add-on of Neostigmine. The consequences for B16 entirely display an Emax of 100 % , and an ED50 of 5.510-7M. The consequences for B16 repetition display an Emax of 80 % and an ED50 of 810-6M. B16 and Neostigmine displayed an Emax of 60 % , and an ED50 of 2.510-6M. The consequences display that Neostigmine has failed to potentiate B16, similar with Carbachol. ( B2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) Drumhead The adversary Atropine has worked on B16 by doing competitory suppression. This means that B16 cholinergic agonist, and possibly Acetylcholine, Methacholine, or Carbachol. Chlorphenamine had no counter consequence on B16. Therefore B16 does non move on autocoid H1 receptors, and this determination supports the fact that B16 is a Cholinergic Agonist. B16 has demonstrated to hold similar efficaciousness, and authority values as Acetylcholine, and Methacholine. B16 is non digested by Pseudo-cholinesterase, so is non Acetylcholine. Neostigmine has failed to potentiate B16, like Carbachol. In decision B16 is a parasympathomimetic drug. It could be Carbachol or has similar pharmacological belongingss as Carbachol ; nevertheless farther duplicability trials need to be performed to rebut or back up this. In peculiar the experiments that displayed B16 mimicked Methacholine more than Carbachol need reiterating. Mentions Sb1035 Dr E Gaskell Lecture notes on ANS, Dr P Elliot talk notes on autacoid, and Dr Andy Evans notes on pharmacological medicine. September2009 SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/94/6/1197 # top ( accessed on 29/11/09 ) www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/2009/4520-n.htm ( accessed on 29/11/09 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mercksource.org/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp? pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/two/000016969.htm ( accessed on 29/11/09 ) Robert M. Youngson, 1999, Collins lexicon of medical specialty, Glasgow, Hapercollins hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugs.com/cdi/methacholine-solution.html Accessed ( 30/11/09 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/161/1/309 Accessed ( 30/11/09 ) Brody ( 1998 ) , Human Pharmacology,3rd edition, America, Mosby, pg106

Syrian Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Syrian Government - Research Paper Example It states that Syria is an integral part of the Arab homeland and that all the people of the country have all the legislative power. The president and the members of parliament are elected by the people through their votes. However it appears that the enforcement of these principles is not ensured by the government since many years. Branches of the Government The structure of the Syrian government consists of the executive, the legislative, and the judicial branches. The Executive Branch The president is the head of the state and the chief officer of the government. He is elected by the people through referendum for a term of seven years. The constitution required that the president be of no less than 34 years of age and a Muslim. The constitution gives right to the president to appoint two vice-presidents, to name the prime minister and to dismiss him, other deputy minister, the members of the Cabinet and the military officers. Dr. Bashar al-Assad is currently serving as the preside nt (Britannica). The Legislative Branch The legislative branch is called Majlis-al-Shaab or the People’s Assembly. It is a 250-member unicameral body. The members are elected by the people through elections for a term of four years. People’s Assembly is represented by the members of different political parties. However, the majority of the seats are reserved or the National Progressive Front (NPF) which consist of the members of the Baath Party (Cafe Syria). The Council nominates a candidate for the presidential elections, discussion of economic matters and approval of the budget and the government policies. It also enacts the laws; however, initiation of law is not covered under its functions. The Judicial Branch The judicial system of Syria consists of courts at three levels: Courts of first instance (which comprises of magistrate and peace courts), courts of appeal (there is one court of appeal per province like a High Court), and the Constitutional courts which is the highest tribunal authority. The judicial system itself has the elements of Islamic, ottoman and the French Laws. The Supreme Constitutional Court is the head of the judicial system. It’s members consist of a chief justice and a bench of four different judges who all are appointed by the president for a period of four years (Mongabay). Problems with the Syrian Political System Although the constitution of Syria says that its people have every right to elect and appoint the president in general elections, the president is actually imposed through the unopposed popular referenda. The passing of presidential title by virtue of hereditary entitlement is quite apparent although the constitution says the government is of the republic form. And many attempts are made by the government to remove the opposing forces and continue to pass the title in this way. For example, in order to make Bashar (Hafiz al-Assad’s son), eligible for nomination in the presidential election, th e minimum age restriction was changed from 40 to 34 in 2000. Moreover the people cannot change the government. Most of the power resides with the president and he has the power to dissolve the legislature as well. The People’s Assembly may criticize the government’s policy or express its views on the economic matters, but it cannot initiate the law. The degree of public accountability is minimum and the government does not tolerate any political opposition (Mongabay). Syrian and U.S Political Systems Compared In this section