Health Psychology Essays

Health Psychology Essays Health Psychology Paper Health Psychology Paper Health psychology can be safely termed as one of the relatively newer faces of applied psychology. As defined by Taylor: â€Å"†¦ the use of psychological principles to promote health and to prevent illness (Taylor 1990). The biopsychosocial model has been adopted in this field in which it considers the social, biological, behavioral, emotional, cognitive, psychosomatic and environmental factors as they relate to health care at the level of individuals (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia). Although Health Psychology traces its origin from clinical psychology it has been classified into four different approaches: clinical, public health, community and critical health psychology (Marks, Murray et al., 2005). This purpose of this study is to provide a critical analysis of the current state of knowledge and literature available in the field of health psychology.   It has been verified in literature that physical health may be influenced by psychology through different direct and indirect means. There is also some evidence that certain negative mental states such as depression and anxiety can directly affect physical immunity through production of stress hormones, such as the catecholamines and glucocorticoids (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia). There has been much debate on this research, however, there is also some indication that negative psychological states may lead to faster disease progression in certain diseases such as HIV and heart disease through these direct biological mechanisms. Also, disease processes can be indirectly affected by emotional states through their influence on health behaviors of individuals. Health psychologists have critiqued and deconstructed the individualism of mainstream health psychology and proposed innovative qualitative methods and frameworks for investigating health experience and behavior (Marks, Murray et al., 2005). Literature Review As more and more advance theories and research methodologies are being studied, health psychology is now considered both a theoretical and applied field. Many different and innovative methods are employed including questionnaires, interviews, controlled studies, and actions designed to bring about change using action research (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia). Health psychologists conduct health interviews with clients that aim to construct a more holistic picture of each person’s health, one that includes their genes, religious beliefs, social supports, living conditions, emotional state, and beliefs of health, etc. They use this information to work alongside a person’s physicians and therapists to develop a treatment tailored for individual needs or to develop greater empowerment among the communitys members so that the community is able to strengthen and sustain its own quality of life (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia). To support the above argument a study by Raeburn et al was based on community needs assessment, empowerment, community control and other community psychology principles and combined with a cognitive-behavioral approach to stress management derived from health psychology (Raeburn 1993). Generally stress is seen as involving the interaction of the person with his or her environment and is evidenced psychologically, behaviorally, cognitively, emotionally and socially when demands are perceived as excessive or where one’s coping resources are perceived to be inadequate. Health psychologists are generally in agreement that stress lessened or buffered in situations where there is a sense of personal control and efficacy and where perceived social support is present. As may be seen, community psychology principles of empowerment, competence building, and a psychological sense of community blend well with these notions (Raeburn 1993). Crossley has argued that there is a need to re-think the approaches and methods of mainstream health psychology (Crossley 2006). Several questions have been raised: Has the attempt to feed into the dominant biopsychosocial model of health and health care, and the resultant creation of quantifiable psychological measures congruent with biomedical data, served to submerge other important human values? These values must surely take central place in psychology, even if in no other domain? We must question whether the pursuit of ‘psychological health technology’ has become an end in itself? Is contemporary health psychology serving simply to reinforce the potentially destructive changes occurring in the wake of the rationalization of health care? Is there a need to step back from the professional ‘modernizing’ tendency to rush in and intervene in the ‘management’ of health-and illness-related issues? The process of rethinking health psychology involves the injection of a much needed sense of caution, a heavy dose of modesty, and a proper academic skepticism with regard to the limitations of our knowledge (Crossley 2006). To see the affect of psychological notion like hostility on health the study by Vandervoort supported the hypotheses that compared to their low hostility counterparts, hostile individuals would report more health problems, have a greater tendency to express irrational beliefs, and be more likely to cope with negative affect via the use of avoidant and confrontive coping strategies (Vandervoort 2006). As hypothesized, the use of confrontive coping was found to be most prominent for dealing with anger. Also, as hypothesized, irrational beliefs as well as avoidant coping with anger were found to play a mediating role in the relationship between hostility and health (Vandervoort 2006). That is, irrational beliefs and avoidant coping with anger explain, in part, how hostility is related to health. The results do not, of course, suggest that these are the only avenues via which hostility is related health. Given the paucity of literature on the mediating effects of irrational beliefs and coping styles on the relationship between hostility and health, as well as the general belief system of hostile individuals, replication of the findings is needed with various populations. This should include longitudinal studies investigating the stability (or lack thereof) of beliefs and coping patterns for it is only relatively stable maladaptive patterns that are likely to be etiological factors for major health problems (Vandervoort 2006). Should adequate future research replicate these findings, they would be informative for mental health clinicians treating clients with hostility problems as well as programs designed to ameliorate the impact of hostility on the development and course of disease.

Effective dose of atropine Essays

Effective dose of atropine Essays Effective dose of atropine Essay Effective dose of atropine Essay The treatment will try to depict the undermentioned subjects of phase2 and phase3. Effective dosage of Atropine, selective dosage Atropine, Atropine and B16, effectual dosage of Chlorphenamine. , selective dosage of Chlorphenamine, Chlophenamine and B16, Mimicry of B16, Digestion by pseudo-cholinesterase on B16, protection by Neostigmine of B16, and potentiation of B16. The receptor selectivity and the clinical utilizations of the drugs involved will be briefly mentioned. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of choline. It s a neurotransmitter that acts on cholinergic synapses to propagate nervus urges. It has high and equal authority for muscurinic and nicotinic receptors. It is besides extremely susceptible to breakdown by cholinesterase. ( Sb1035 Dr E Gaskell Lecture notes on ANS ) Methacholine is a man-made choline ester that has a high authority for muscurinic receptors, and a low authority for nicotinic receptors. It is non broken down by Pseudo-cholinesterase, and is easy broken down by acetyl-cholinesterase. It s used in lung map trials to find if a patient has Asthma, it causes brochospasm to happen. ( http: //www.drugs.com/cdi/methacholine-solution.html ) Carbachol is agonist of the muscurinic and nicotinic receptors, but is more powerful on nicotinic curates. It is non broken down by Cholinesterase. Its clinical application includes the intervention of Glaucoma. It causes contraction of round musculus in the oculus taking to an addition in end product of aqueous temper. ( Sb1035 Dr E Gaskell Lecture notes on ANS ) Atropine is alkaloid which is obtained from the works Atropa deadly nightshade ( lifelessly nightshade ) blocks cholinergic receptors. Its clinical utilizations involve dilation of the student of the oculus, during oculus scrutinies. Chlorphenamine is an antihistamine it blocks histamine receptors. It clinical utilizations involve the intervention of allergic reactions, such as itchiness. ( Robert M. Youngson, 1999, Collins lexicon of medical specialty, Glasgow, Hapercollins ) Neostigmine is a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. As it interferes with the dislocation of Acetylcholine is prolongs the consequence of it. Its clinical usage includes the addition in the musculus tone of people with Myasthenia Gravis. ( Robert M. Youngson, 1999, Collins lexicon of medical specialty, Glasgow, Hapercollins ) 1.1 Effective dosage of atropine The purpose of the first experiment was to find the effectual dosage of Atropine. Three doses of atropine were titrated with Acetylcholine. These were Lower 110-8M, average 110-7M, and higher 110-8M. The consequences from figure 1.1 show that the medium dose 110-7M was the most effectual dosage, as it caused a displacement of the log-dose curve to the right diminishing its authority. Besides this dosage did non impact the Emax significantly. The Emax was shown to be 94 % ( for Acetylcholine with Atropine dose 110-7M. ) The authority was found to diminish from 1.310-7M for Acetylcholine without Atropine ( at clip 0 ) , to 2.610-5M for Acetylcholine with Atropine dose 110-7M. The smaller dosage had an consequence in diminishing authority ( 1.810-6M ) , but a larger Emax was produced 143 % . The higher dosage caused Acetylcholine non to react to do a contraction in the Guinea hog ileum. Using the higher dosage of Atropine gave an Emax of 0, and an Ed50 of 0. This meant that the dosage o f Atropine was excessively high to move as a competitory inhibitor, and hence irreversible suppression had taken topographic point. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 1.2 Selective dose Atropine. The purpose of this experiment was to find if the effectual dosage of Atropine is besides a selective dosage. As the effectual dosage of Atropine has been established to be 110-7M, it is critical that the effectual dosage is selective for muscurinic receptors. This was done by utilizing the autocoid agonist Histamine. Histamine binds to H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, non muscurinic receptors. A selective dosage of Atropine should non diminish the authority of Histamine. The consequences from figure 1.2 show that Histamine with and without antagonist Atropine have close Emax and ED50 values. The Emax for Histamine at clip 0 gave an Emax of 100 % and an ED50 of 310-6M. The Emax for Histamine and Atropine ( 110-7M ) was found to be 103 % , and the Ed50 was found to be 7.510-6M. The Emax for Histamine repetition was found to be 88 % , and the Ed50 obtained was 2.310-6M. Even though there is a little lessening in authority for Histamine with Atropine, this difference is little, and hence c an non be important. The consequences display that the chosen dosage of Atropine 110-7M is an effectual and selective dosage for cholinergic receptors. That Atropine did non affect Histamine activity. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 1.3 Atropine and B16. The purpose of this experiment was to find what the effectual and selective dosage of Atropine ( 110-7M ) had on the unknown drug B16. Figure 1.3 shows that atropine had a important consequence on the authority of B16, with little alterations in Emax. The Emax of B16 entirely at clip 0, and clip 25 of the experiment was 100 % , and 79 % severally. The Ed50 for B16 entirely at clip 0, and clip 25 was 2.210-7M and 4.510-7M severally. The little alterations may be due to weave desensitisation, and due to the high affinity of Atropine. ( Meaning after washouts Atropine is still present ) Two B16 with Atropine cumulative log dosage responses were performed, at clip 10 and besides clip 15. The Emax and ED50 for B16 with Atropine at 10 proceedingss were 80 % , and 2.510-5M. For B16 with Atropine at 15 proceedingss the Emax and ED50 were 89 % and 2.010-5M. A important decrease in the authority can be seen from B16 entirely 2.210-7M to B16 with Atropine 2.0-2.510-5M. This implies competitory hostility was taking topographic point. This means that Atropine was barricading Cholinergic receptors, which B16 acts on. Hence it may be deduced that B16 is a cholinergic agonist, and it possibly Acetylcholine, Methacholine, or Carbachol. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 2.1 Effective dosage of Chlorphenamine. The purpose experiment 2.1 was to find an effectual dosage of Chlorphenamine. Chlorphenamine is an adversary of Histamine receptors. An effectual dosage is a dosage which will cut down the authority of Histamine ; nevertheless the same dosage should non impact the Emax of Histamine. Three doses of Chlorphenamine were tried out 110-7M ( high dosage ) , 110-8M ( medium dosage ) , and 110-9M ( low dosage ) . The consequences from figure 2.1 show. Histamine without adversary at clip 0 showed an Emax of 100 % and ED50 of 9.510-7M. Histamine with Chlorphenamine dose 110-9M produced an Emax of 150 % , and an ED50 of 2.110-6M. This shows that with the lower dosage of the adversary the efficaciousness is increased, and the authority is decreased. The medium dosage of adversary gave an Emax value of 107 % , and an ED50 value of 710-6M. This shows a important lessening in authority, and a similar Emax value compared to Histamine entirely ( at clip 0. ) The higher dosage of Chlorphenamine displa yed an Emax of 0, and a authority of 0 intending irreversible hostility has taken topographic point. Over all it can be seen that the most effectual dosage is 110-8M, because the Emax has non changed significantly, and the authority has been reduced. The log dosage curve has been shifted to the right manus side. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 2.2 Selective dosage of Chlorphenamine, The consequences from figure 2.2 show that Acetylcholine at clip 0 gave an Emax value of 100 % , and the authority calculated to be 1.910-7M. Acetylcholine with 1.910-7M of Chlorphenamine displayed an Emax of 107 % , and a authority of 1.110-7M. The consequences display that there is no important alterations in Emax or authority with the adversary. Overall it can be seen the dosage selected is effectual and selective for Histamine receptors. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 2.3 Effective and selective dosage of Chlorphenamine on B16. The purpose of experiment 2.3 was to measure if the effectual and selective dosage for Chlorphenamine was capable to competitively antagonize the unknown drug B16. The consequences from figure 2.3 shows three log dose responses as follows. B16 entirely at clip 0, B16 and chlorphenamine 110-8M, and B16 at clip 25. The consequences display the Emax`s as 88 % , 100 % and 89 % severally, and the ED50 values are 2.2 x10-6M, 1.010-5M, and 7.010-6M severally. From the consequences it can be demonstrated that the effectual and selective dosage of Chlorphenamine did non hold any important consequence on the drug B16. This means shows that B16 is non moving on the autocoid receptor H1. This besides confirms the earlier determination that B16 is a muscurinic agonist. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 3.1 Mimicry of B16 with other muscurinic agonists. The intent of the apery was to detect for other muscurinic agonists and to look for similar efficaciousness and authority values of that of unknown drug B16. B16 gave an Emax value of 100 % , and an ED50 value of 2.010-7M. This was similar to the values for Acetylcholine, and Methacholine. Acetylcholine gave an Emax value of 90, and ED50 value of 1.810-7M. Methylcholine gave an Emax value of 88 % , and an ED50 value of 1.810-7M. Carbachol gave a higher authority value of 1.010-7M, and a significantly lower Emax of 70 % . One account for Carbachol is that it acts more powerfully on nicotinic receptors, than muscurinic receptors. The tissue may incorporate less nicotinic receptors than muscurinic receptors ensuing in a lower Emax. B16 resembles the same authority and efficaciousness values as Acetycholine, and Methacholine. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 4.1 Digestion by pseudo-cholinesterase/ 4.2 Protection by Neostigmine. The consequences for Acetylcholine show that Acetylcholine by itself displayed a 100 % response. Acetylcholine with pseudo-esterase gave a 0 % response. The add-on of Acetycholine, esterase, and neostigmine gave a 96 % response, and the duplicability of Acetycholine was 78 % . This indicates that Acetycholine is capable to be digested by Pseudo-Cholinesterase from the Equus caballus s blood, and besides is protected from digestion by Neostigmine. The consequences for Methacholine show that Methacholine with pseudo-esterase and Neostigmine gave a maximal response of 100 % . Methacholine with esterase gave similar gave a response of 53 % . This is similar to Methacholine at clip 0, ( 41 % ) , and besides the duplicability curve for Methacholine 36 % . The consequences indicate that Methacholine is non capable to digestion, and that the add-on of Neostigmine has resulted in a heightened response. It may be possible that a important sum of esterase is already present, therefore cut downing the maximal possible response ab initio. There are two types of esterase Acetycholinesterase, found in synapses, and pseudocholinesterase found in the blood. Methacholine is easy broken down by Acetylcholinesterase, and is non affected by pseudo-cholinesterase. The add-on of Neostigmine has seemed to offer protection from the former, taking to a greater response of Methacholine. Brody ( 1998 ) / hypertext transfer protocol: //www.circ.ahajourna ls.org/cgi/content/full/94/6/1197 # top The consequences for Carbachol show that Carbachol, pseudo-esterase and Neostigmine gave a maximal response of 100 % . Carbachol with blood esterase gave a response of 60 % . This is near to the Carbachol at clip 0 ( 46 % ) , and Carbachol duplicability ( 70 % ) . These consequences are an anomalousness because Carbachol is non digested by both types of cholinesterase. ( Sb1035 Dr E Gaskell Lecture notes on ANS ) One account possibly is that a important sum of Acetylcholine possibly be already being released by the tissue, therefore a heightened response is seen with the add-on of Neostigmine. The consequences for B16 show that B16, esterase, and Neostigmine, gave a maximal response of 100 % . It shows that the effects of B16 are being potentiated by Neostigmine. This consequence is similar to that of Carbachol, and Methacholine. The responses of B16 at clip 0, B16 with blood esterase, and for B16 duplicability were 42 % , 36 % , and 44 % . These values bespeaking that B16 is non hydrolyzed by pseudo-cholinesterase. When comparing B16 to Methacholine, and Carbachol it has similar responses to Methacholine more than Carbachol. Overall B16 is non Acetylcholine. It possibly Carbochol, Methacholine or have similar belongingss to them. 4.3 Potentiation The consequences for Carbachol at clip 0 gave an Emax of 108 % and an ED50 of 910-7M. The duplicability curve for Carbachol gave an Emax of 87 % , and an ED50 value of 2.2 x10-6M. Carbachol and Neostigmine, gave a low Emax of 27, and an ED50 of 1.010-6M. The consequences show that the Emax and ED50 have been reduced with the add-on of Neostigmine. Therefore Neostigmine has non potentiated the effects of Carbachol. The Emax for Acetylcholine at clip 0 was 100 % , the ED50 was calculated to be 1.010-5M. The Emax for the duplicability of Acetylcholine was found to be 41 % , and the ED50 2.510-7M. Acetylcholine and Neostigmine displayed an Emax of 70 % , and an ED50 of 3.510-7M. The consequences display that there is some indicant for an addition in authority for Acetylcholine. The Emax of Methacholine at clip 0 and The ED50 were 100 % , and 210-6M severally. For Methacholine Repeat the Emax was 65 % , and the ED50 was 510-7M. For Methacholine with Neostigmine the Emax was found to be 75 % , and the ED50 was found to be 1.210-7M. It can be seen that the potency of Methacholine has increased with the add-on of Neostigmine. The consequences for B16 entirely display an Emax of 100 % , and an ED50 of 5.510-7M. The consequences for B16 repetition display an Emax of 80 % and an ED50 of 810-6M. B16 and Neostigmine displayed an Emax of 60 % , and an ED50 of 2.510-6M. The consequences display that Neostigmine has failed to potentiate B16, similar with Carbachol. ( B2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) Drumhead The adversary Atropine has worked on B16 by doing competitory suppression. This means that B16 cholinergic agonist, and possibly Acetylcholine, Methacholine, or Carbachol. Chlorphenamine had no counter consequence on B16. Therefore B16 does non move on autocoid H1 receptors, and this determination supports the fact that B16 is a Cholinergic Agonist. B16 has demonstrated to hold similar efficaciousness, and authority values as Acetylcholine, and Methacholine. B16 is non digested by Pseudo-cholinesterase, so is non Acetylcholine. Neostigmine has failed to potentiate B16, like Carbachol. In decision B16 is a parasympathomimetic drug. It could be Carbachol or has similar pharmacological belongingss as Carbachol ; nevertheless farther duplicability trials need to be performed to rebut or back up this. In peculiar the experiments that displayed B16 mimicked Methacholine more than Carbachol need reiterating. Mentions Sb1035 Dr E Gaskell Lecture notes on ANS, Dr P Elliot talk notes on autacoid, and Dr Andy Evans notes on pharmacological medicine. September2009 SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/94/6/1197 # top ( accessed on 29/11/09 ) www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/2009/4520-n.htm ( accessed on 29/11/09 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mercksource.org/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp? pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/two/000016969.htm ( accessed on 29/11/09 ) Robert M. Youngson, 1999, Collins lexicon of medical specialty, Glasgow, Hapercollins hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugs.com/cdi/methacholine-solution.html Accessed ( 30/11/09 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/161/1/309 Accessed ( 30/11/09 ) Brody ( 1998 ) , Human Pharmacology,3rd edition, America, Mosby, pg106

Syrian Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Syrian Government - Research Paper Example It states that Syria is an integral part of the Arab homeland and that all the people of the country have all the legislative power. The president and the members of parliament are elected by the people through their votes. However it appears that the enforcement of these principles is not ensured by the government since many years. Branches of the Government The structure of the Syrian government consists of the executive, the legislative, and the judicial branches. The Executive Branch The president is the head of the state and the chief officer of the government. He is elected by the people through referendum for a term of seven years. The constitution required that the president be of no less than 34 years of age and a Muslim. The constitution gives right to the president to appoint two vice-presidents, to name the prime minister and to dismiss him, other deputy minister, the members of the Cabinet and the military officers. Dr. Bashar al-Assad is currently serving as the preside nt (Britannica). The Legislative Branch The legislative branch is called Majlis-al-Shaab or the People’s Assembly. It is a 250-member unicameral body. The members are elected by the people through elections for a term of four years. People’s Assembly is represented by the members of different political parties. However, the majority of the seats are reserved or the National Progressive Front (NPF) which consist of the members of the Baath Party (Cafe Syria). The Council nominates a candidate for the presidential elections, discussion of economic matters and approval of the budget and the government policies. It also enacts the laws; however, initiation of law is not covered under its functions. The Judicial Branch The judicial system of Syria consists of courts at three levels: Courts of first instance (which comprises of magistrate and peace courts), courts of appeal (there is one court of appeal per province like a High Court), and the Constitutional courts which is the highest tribunal authority. The judicial system itself has the elements of Islamic, ottoman and the French Laws. The Supreme Constitutional Court is the head of the judicial system. It’s members consist of a chief justice and a bench of four different judges who all are appointed by the president for a period of four years (Mongabay). Problems with the Syrian Political System Although the constitution of Syria says that its people have every right to elect and appoint the president in general elections, the president is actually imposed through the unopposed popular referenda. The passing of presidential title by virtue of hereditary entitlement is quite apparent although the constitution says the government is of the republic form. And many attempts are made by the government to remove the opposing forces and continue to pass the title in this way. For example, in order to make Bashar (Hafiz al-Assad’s son), eligible for nomination in the presidential election, th e minimum age restriction was changed from 40 to 34 in 2000. Moreover the people cannot change the government. Most of the power resides with the president and he has the power to dissolve the legislature as well. The People’s Assembly may criticize the government’s policy or express its views on the economic matters, but it cannot initiate the law. The degree of public accountability is minimum and the government does not tolerate any political opposition (Mongabay). Syrian and U.S Political Systems Compared In this section

Personal Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Personal Development - Essay Example It is the role of teachers to make students view life from different perspectives in order to strengthen their process of learning. Students get awareness of different behaviors and educational concepts in schools and express the obtained knowledge in different professional and social settings. Learning also enhances social interactions between people in an appropriate manner. People learn a variety of behaviors and expressions from other people around them and use those behaviors when they interact with other people. A person needs to have effective social interaction skills to succeed in society. When a person has requisite knowledge of the way to communicate successfully with other people, he/she does not face any difficulty in improving his/her social interaction skills. Moreover, a person can never communicate properly with other people without having a sufficient knowledge of effective communication skills. Learning is that process, which develops and refines social interaction skills of a person by making him/her acquire required knowledge of effective communication basics. Learning also helps people progress in their professional lives. â€Å"A new employee who wants to be successful on her/his job is likely to look for someone who is successful and in high regard and then attempt to imitate that person’s behavior† (Fox 2006, p. 38). In professional settings, an employee needs to interact with other employees, such as, colleagues and managers, to acquire required information and knowledge. Acquiring knowledge becomes a part of that employee’s learning process, which ultimately helps him/her progress in his/her professional life. Effective workplace communication skills are... This paper approves that barriers to communication also arise, when some employees have poor listening and communication skills, and due to this reason, they cannot communicate with other employees effectively. In such situations, people do not get the message properly which results in making communication process unsuccessful. Some people do not listen properly to others. â€Å"Failure to actively listen can result in mistakes and misunderstanding†. Physical barrier arises when employees of a company have to use telephones and emails because of not having physical access to each other. Some of the main types of physical barriers include difference of locations, closed office doors, and noise. This essay makes a conclusion that feedback plays a vital role in making the process of communication successful. It makes the presenter aware of the credibility of his/her ideas. The process of communication runs in one direction without proper feedback. The reason is that if a presenter does not get a proper and instant feedback from the audience, he/she will not know the way others perceive his/her ideas. We have to encourage the employees to give proper feedback to each other during communication. Effective workplace communication is the key to success of a company in today’s world of competition. Employees of a company need to communicate effectively with each other because ineffective communication and expression of bad attitudes and poor behaviors can block a company’s way towards success.

Individual Economic Issues Simulation Paper Essay Example for Free

Individual Economic Issues Simulation Paper Essay Review the Health Care Economics Issues HMO Simulation exercise posted on your student web page. Follow the Wk 4 WEB LINK â€Å"Understanding Economic Issues for HMO’s†. This exercise is for your learning experience only. Do not post any screen short from the exercise as part of your assignment. Economic Issues Simulation Paper Prepare a 1,050- to ,1400 paper in which you present a profile of each company including the demographics of the employees, the health care risk factors (potential areas of high utilization), and the premiums the company is willing to pay. Apply each plan, Castor Standard and Castor Enhanced to each company, Constructit and E-editor, to determine which plan best meets the healthcare needs of the employees – ignore Dearden. As a representative of Castor insurance, your job is to maximize profit and minimize risk for the company. Based on your analysis of potential utilization, give at least two reasons why each plan could be selected for each company. Then select one of the two companies and state which plan you would select to sell to that company? What are the reasons for this decision? Why did you not select the other plan offered? Your paper should be organized so that each question serves as a subheading followed by the discussion, i.e. Two Reasons Why Each Plan Could Be Selected, Which Plan Selected and Reasons for the Decision, and Why the Other Plan Were Eliminated. Include a Title page and a Conclusion. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines as described in team the Assignment Format – Easy Version document. Follow the Wk 4 Individual  Assignment Outline document posted in the Course Materials forum located just below the Chat Room. Post your a To get this material copy and paste link to browser https://bitly.com/1wyPcrf Think about your resume from day one. Yes, you want your diploma to be the feature point of the resume. However, you also want to put anything else you can on it. Work-study, summer job or internship experience is a big plus. Also cultivate opportunities through extra-curricular activities that appeal to you. General Questions General General Questions Review the Health Care Economics Issues HMO Simulation exercise posted on your student web page. Follow the Wk 4 WEB LINK â€Å"Understanding Economic Issues for HMO’s†. This exercise is for your learning experience only. Do not post any screen short from the exercise as part of your assignment. Economic Issues Simulation Paper Prepare a 1,050- to ,1400 paper in which you present a profile of each company including the demographics of the employees, the health care risk factors (potential areas of high utilization), and the premiums the company is willing to pay. Apply each plan, Castor Standard and Castor Enhanced to each company, Constructit and E-editor, to determine which plan best meets the healthcare needs of the employees – ignore Dearden. As a representative of Castor insurance, your job is to maximize profit and minimize risk for the company. Based on your analysis of potential utilization, give at least two reasons why each plan could be selected for each company. Then select one of the two companies and state which plan you would select to sell to that company? What are the reasons for this decision? Why did you not select the other plan offered? Your paper should be organized so that each question serves as a subheading followed by the discussion, i.e. Two Reasons Why Each Plan Could Be Selected, Which Plan Selected and Reasons for the Decision, and Why the Other Plan Were Eliminated. Include a Title page and a Conclusion. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines as described in team the Assignment Format – Easy Version document. Follow the Wk 4 Individual Assignment Outline document posted in the Course Materials forum located just below the Chat Room. Post your assignment in the Assignment Section on your student web page. Post an Individual Certificate of Originality along with your assignment – do not include the Certificate as part of your assignment.

We Must Have the Right to Choose Euthanasia :: Free Euthanasia Essay

We Must Have the Right to Choose Euthanasia There are many sides to the dilemma of whether or not euthanasia should be carried out. There is the question of morality, the question of active versus passive euthanasia and the question of when euthanasia should be put into use. None of these questions are totally cut and dry. There seem to be more gray areas within this issue than there are black and white. Yet when you look at the problem on a personal level with the actual individuals involved, some of those gray areas almost disappear. People are put on this earth to live. When it gets to the point where the quality of a person's life gets so bad that they can no longer function in the world, there is no reason to force that person to stay alive. Euthanasia is therefore a necessary evil for those whose practical life is in effect over due to a terminal illness or otherwise life devastating condition. If a person is in unbearable pain and close to death or is in a vegetable state and no longer able to function, their life is by all practical means over. There is no reason to keep them alive. The only way to end their physical life is by euthanasia. The question is whether to do this by way of active euthanasia or passive euthanasia. Many are against active euthanasia because in this case you actually kill the person rather than letting them die. But both methods are used for the same end which is to end someone's life without further pain for the patient as well as for the family. The only choice to make after this fact is established is which of these means better carries out the end. James Rachels, a philosophy professor, says that, "if one simply withholds treatment [in the way of passive euthanasia], it may take the patient longer to die, and so he may suffer more than he would if more direct action were taken and a lethal injection given." (Rachels, p.111) This defeats the purpose of euthanasia which is to end suffering. Therefore, in cases where euthanasia is going to be carried out, active euthanasia is the better choice.

Implement person centred approaches Essay

1.1 Define person-centred values Person-centred is about providing care and support that is centred or focused on the individual and their need There are eight person centred values that support person-centred care and support: Individuality, Independence, Privacy, Choice, Dignity, Rights 1.2 Explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person centred values. Taking into account person centred values, rather than imposing my own choices on them and taking away their own right to independence and choice. It is important to do this as person centred approaches, policies and procedures, as well as care practices should always put the people whom we support at the centre of the day-to-day activities, as well as including the residents and their families in the planning and maintaining of this. 1.3 Explain why risk-taking can be part of a person centred approach. Risk-taking means being aware of the potential hazards, but still carrying on with the activity. Risk Assessment Processes include: visual check, recorded risk assessments. If you were no longer allowed to take risks that means you can’t progress in anything. Risk is about learning! Your inner questions. Can I do it? Can I REALLY do it? To take risk is all about challenge! 1.4 Explain how using an individual’s care plan contributes to working in a person centred way It is document where day to day requirements and preferences for care and support are detailed. Using an individual’s care plan where own needs and wishes are being met, rather than offering them a ‘choice’ of what is available. Using their care plan, you can build on what they want and see where there are gaps that need to be addressed. 3.1 Explain the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support. Consent is agreement to an action i.e. in social care agreeing to a bath or a shower, to medication, agreement to have details shared with others. Lack of consent could be construed as abuse i.e. forcing an  individual to have a shower when they have not agreed. Consent can be in different forms like – Verbal – written – via a representative or advocate. It is important to establish consent because it is a basic human right for everyone to have the choice. 3.3 Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established. Steps to take when consent cannot be established include, not continuing with the task, reporting to the supervisor or manager, recording the information 4.1 Describe how active participation benefits an individual. Active participation is a way of working that recognises an individual’s right to participate in the activities and relationships of everyday life as independently as possible. 4.2 Identify possible barriers to active participation. Barriers include: lack of opportunity, lack of events, lack of staff, unwillingness of residents, and lack of confidence. Ways of encouraging residents include: discussion and encouragement with the individual, providing useful information, using friends and family to encourage, ensuring appropriate activities, peer-group encouragement, persuasion techniques, highlighting the benefits of the activity 5.3 Explain why a worker’s personal views should not influence an individual’s choices. A personal view should not influence individual choices as everyone is an individual in their own right and therefore should be able to make their own choices as their interest would be different to a staff. 5.4 Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that are made by others. Different approaches for individual, discussion, providing relevant, information, guidance from friends or family using an advocate or support service. We can also challenge decision where we can encourage questions and comments, be prepared to listen, assist the individual to ask for a second opinion, speak  to/refer the individual to a senior member of staff, use the complaints procedure 6.1 Explain how individual identity and self esteem are linked with well-being Well-being may include aspects that are: Spiritual – Emotional – Cultural – Religious – Social – Political – Sexual – Physical – Mental. Individual identity and self-esteem are linked with well-being as everyone has their own interests and what one person may find interesting another person may not find interesting, for example, some residents like gardening and some don’t and we should never force anyone to do what they don’t like or don’t want to do. 6.2 Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s well-being Attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s well-being include: being treated as an Individual, dignity – respect, choices and good communication. It can also be environmental which includes physical environment – bedroom, handbag, personal belongings, and social environment – personal boundaries, subjective feelings.

Things Fall Apart Tragic Hero

The role of a tragic hero within a story line is essential in a dramatic film or written work. The hero has the standards of becoming a great character that can take charge of the story through courageous action and bold dialogue. However, since the character is deemed a â€Å"tragic† hero, his flaws will ultimately be his downfall, usually leading to the characters own demise. Nowhere is this ideal of a tragic hero more relevant that in Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart. The story is set in late nineteenth-century in a small village in Nigeria. The tragic hero in this case is a young man named Okonkwo.He is a dynamic growing character but is doomed from the beginning of the story with two major flaws that in the end will destroy his character. Okonkwo cannot physically display any of his emotions because he thinks it is a sure sign of weakness. His second flaw is that if and when he does show any emotion, it is an uncontrollable rage. Both of these flaws will get Okonkwo into trouble that he cannot handle. Okonkwo has been taught from a very young age that showing his emotions is a feminine characteristic, a sign of weakness within his culture.This is brought about because when Okonkwo was a child his father was not very involved with the community or with the elder counsel. The community is the most important aspect of everyday life for Okonkwo’s people. The village does not have a centralized government, but it is does have democratic ruling through the elder males (Ohadike xxii). Since Okonkwo’s father was lazy and drank too much, he did not receive any respect from the majority of the community. Okonkwo did not want this for himself so he always displayed a tough exterior so that he could have respect. This characteristic is clearly shown throughout the story.One such example is when Okonkwo becomes very fond of a boy that is in his care. Even though he likes the boy, Ikemefuna, he still treated him â€Å"as he treated ev eryone else – with a heavy hand† (Achebe 20). Even to a person who was considered part of his own family, he could not show the emotion of affection or graceful attention. In addition to not being able to show any true emotions, Okonkwo has trouble controlling his temper. His anger and rough treatment of everyone around him, particularly his wives, once again springs from the fact that his father was segregated from the community.Also, his short-temper towards his wives may have been fueled by the fact that women were beneath men within the village’s social ranking. Okonkwo thinks that the only way he can gain the village’s respect is through being bold and strong. It was also very important to show strength during this time of need because there was much change going on in the community itself with the coming of the white man and new traditions. He must absolutely display only anger and strength â€Å"when the institutions he had fought so hard to sustai n collapse in the face of European colonialism† (Gikandi x).The most infamous scene of Okonkwo’s irrational anger and lack of respect is when he beats his wife for not preparing the meal for their children during the Week of Peace (Achebe 21). This is just a single case of Okonkwo beating one of his wives, but the village punishes him more severely because it is during their Week of Peace in which everyone should be nice and kind to their neighbor. The village was shocked because no one ever breaks the rules of that week. â€Å"Even the oldest men could only remember one or two other occasions somewhere in the dim past† (Achebe 22).Another instance where Okonkwo’s disorderly behavior takes control of his actions is when he kills the boy he was fond of, Ikemefuna. Okonkwo’s clansmen are attacking the boy, so Ikemefuna runs to seek help from Okonkwo. However, since Okonkwo â€Å"does not want to look weak in front of his fellow tribesmen, [he] cuts t he boy down† (Ward 1). He lets his rage and pride take over and kills the boy whom he considered his own son. The characteristics of a tragic hero are clearly visible within Okonkwo. If his ideals were prevalent in someone during this day and age in the United States, it would be quite interesting.It is almost shocking to say, but someone with those characteristics would be very successful in the competitive and fast-pace market of the United States. They could take charge of their business career as well as not buckling under pressure due to the lack of physical emotions. Okonkwo’s manners are instinctual in most humans, no matter how primitive or modern. Wall Street brokers and fast-talking businessmen can be compared to primitive African men whose attitudes have â€Å"been masculine-based even before the advent of the white man† (Mezu 1).In a country based on the powerful business ethic of â€Å"only the strong survive,† there is no doubt Okonkwo could make it far. It can be easily concluded that Okonkwo’s flaws were the leading means of his character’s destruction. His lack of emotions and uncontainable anger were definite components for the deterioration of his character. However, the meaning in Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart would have been lost without Okonkwo as the dominant character. The tragic hero is still and always will be the stable character of any deeply meaningful epic novel or movie.

U.S. Birth Rate Hits All-Time Low in 2016

U.S. Birth Rate Hits All-Time Low in 2016 In a trend that has some demographers worried, the birth rate in the United States dropped to its lowest level ever in 2016. Dropping by another full 1% from 2015, there were only 62 births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44. Overall, there were a total of 3,945,875 babies born in the United States during 2016. â€Å"This is the second year that the number of births has declined following an increase in 2014. Prior to that year, the number of births declined steadily from 2007 through 2013,† noted the CDC. According to an analysis issued by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), birth rates in all age groups under age 30 fell to all-time record lows. Among women ages 20 to 24, the decline was 4%. Among women ages 25 to 29, the rate fell 2 percent.   Drop in Teenage Pregnancy Drives Trend In an analysis issued by the National Center for Health Statistics, researchers report that birth rates declined to record lows in all groups under age 30. Among women ages 20 to 24, the decline was 4 percent. For women 25 to 29, the rate fell 2 percent. Driving the trend, the fertility and birth  rate among teenagers and 20-somethings fell by 9% from 2015 to 2016, continuing a long-term decline of 67% since 1991. While they are often used interchangeably, the term â€Å"fertility rate† refers to the number of births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 occurring in a particular year, while â€Å"birth  rate† refers to the fertility rates within particular age groups or specific demographic groups. Does This Mean the Total Population is Falling? The fact that the all-time low fertility and birth  rate puts the United States population below the â€Å"replacement level† - the balance point between births and deaths at which the population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next - does not mean that the total U.S. population is falling. The annual U.S. immigration rate of 13.5% in 2017 still more than compensates for the lower fertility rates. Indeed, while the birth  rate continued to fall consistently throughout the period from 1990 to 2017, the nation’s total population increased by over 74 million people, from 248,709,873 in 1990 to an estimated 323,148,586 in 2017. Potential Dangers of a Falling Birthrate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite a growing total population, some demographers and social scientists worry that if the birth  rate continues to slide, the U.S. could face a â€Å"baby crisis† resulting in cultural and economic pathos. Far more than an indicator of societal trends, a nation’s birth  rate is one of the most significant gauges of its overall demographic health. If the fertility rate falls too far below the replacement level, there is a danger that the nation will lose the ability to replace its aging workforce, leaving it unable to generate the amount of tax revenue needed to keep the economy stable, maintain or grow the infrastructure, and become unable to provide essential government services. On the other side, if birth  rates get too high, overpopulation can strain the nation’s available resources such as housing, social services, and safe food and water.   Over the decades, countries like France and Japan, experiencing the negative effects of a low birth  rate have applied pro-family policies in attempts to encourage couples to have babies. However, in nations such as India, where fertility rates have fallen slightly over the last few decades, residual overpopulation still results in wide-spread starvation and abject poverty. US Birthrates Up Among Older Women The US birth  rate is not falling among all age groups. According to the CDC’s findings, the fertility rate for women ages 30 to 34 rose by 1% over the 2015 rate, and the rate for women ages 35 to 39 went up by 2%, the highest rate in that age group since 1962. The birth  rate among older women ages 40 to 44 also increased, up 4% over 2015. In addition, the fertility rate for women ages 45 to 49 increased to 0.9 births per thousand from 0.8 in 2015. Other Details of US Birthrates in 2016 Unmarried Women: Among unmarried women, the birth rate fell to 42.1 births per 1,000 women, down from 43.5 per 1,000 in 2015. Falling for the eighth consecutive year, the birthrate for unmarried women has now dropped by over 3% since reaching its peak in 2007 and 2008. By race, 28.4% of white babies, 52.5% of Hispanics, and 69.7% of black babies were born to unmarried parents in 2016. Preterm Birthrate: Describing babies born before 37 weeks of gestation, the preterm birth rate increased for the second consecutive year to 9.84% per 1,000 women from 9.63% per 1,000 women in 2015.  This slight increase in preterm births came after a decline of 8% from 2007 to 2014. The highest rate of preterm birth was among non-Hispanic blacks, at 13.75% per 1,000 women, while the lowest was among Asians, at 8.63% per 1,000 women. Use of Tobacco by Mother: For the first time, the CDC reported data on mothers’ use of tobacco during pregnancy. Of the women who gave birth in 2016, 7.2% reported smoking tobacco at some point while pregnant. Tobacco use was the most common earlier in pregnancy - 7.0% of women smoked in their first trimester, 6.0% in their second, and 5.7% in their third. Of the 9.4% of women who reported smoking in the 3 months prior to becoming pregnant, 25.0% quit smoking before pregnancy.

Words That Follow Sequi

Words That Follow Sequi Words That Follow Sequi Words That Follow Sequi By Mark Nichol The Latin verb sequi, meaning â€Å"follow,† is the source of a diverse array of words pertaining to â€Å"going after† in one way or another. This post lists and defines the term’s descendants. Sequel, originally meaning â€Å"retinue† and later coming to mean â€Å"result,† came from a Latin term meaning â€Å"that which follows.† The dominant modern sense, that of â€Å"a continuation of a story,† is nearly as old; prequel is a recent coinage created on the model of sequel to refer to a story that predates a related tale in an overarching narrative but was created first. Sequence originally denoted liturgical verses that followed others; later, the word came to mean â€Å"series† or â€Å"continuity or order of events,† as well as â€Å"result.† The prevailing adjectival form is sequential, though sequent also exists. Consequent is the adjective form of consequence, which literally means â€Å"follows with† and refers to a result (often, an unfortunate one); the adverbial form is consequently. (Consequence also means â€Å"importance,† as in â€Å"a man of some consequence,† from the idea of something significant having multiple consequences.) Subsequent (â€Å"follows closely†), with the same transformations to other parts of speech, is generally more neutral in connotation and pertains more to chronology than to outcome. Segue, originally an instruction, meaning â€Å"now follows,† in a musical score, came to mean â€Å"smooth transition† and usually refers to such an event in communication or the media, as when someone effortlessly changes the subject of a conversation by bringing up a related topic, or when one filmed scene shifts to another with little or no disruption. The adjective obsequious refers to someone who is overly attentive so as to gain favor; a sequacious person lacks independent or original thought. (The latter term is much more rare than the former.) The noun forms are, respectively, obsequiousness and sequaciousness (or sequacity); adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the respective adjectives. Sequitur, adopted directly from Latin, means â€Å"consequence†; it is used rarely, though it appears in the common term â€Å"non sequitur,† describing something that does not logically follow from what occurred or was said before. Sequester originally meant â€Å"mediate† and later come to mean â€Å"place in safekeeping† and then â€Å"isolate.† (Sequestration is a legal procedure or a chemical process.) Persecute and prosecute both mean â€Å"follow,† but persecution is persistent harassment or punishment, whereas prosecution is performance or pursuit as a duty, especially as in the context of bringing legal action or instituting legal proceedings, though originally the former term had a legal sense as well. Pursue (the noun form is pursuit) is descended from prosecute- not persecute- by way of French and originally referred to following someone with antagonistic intent; it still means â€Å"chase,† but often refers simply to following an inclination, as in â€Å"He intends to pursue a medical degree.† One who pursues is a pursuer; pursuant is a rare variant that also serves as an adjective, usually in legislative documents. An associated word that may not be immediately apparent as such is, regardless, right there in pursuit: suit. The sense of â€Å"a set of clothing† for suit derives from the matching uniforms of a suite, or retinue; suite, by extension, came to also mean a set of things in general, especially a grouping of rooms or a series of musical compositions. The legal sense of suit (often referred to as a lawsuit) shares the â€Å"set† sense from the notion of being part of a retinue attending (following) one’s lord at court; courtiers would present a suit to obtain consideration from their superior. A suitor, therefore, is a party in a suit, or a petitioner, or one who seeks to take over a business or who courts a woman. To sue is to carry out a suit or to plead; the word is obsolete as a synonym for woo. (The name Sue, an abbreviation of Susan, ultimately from Hebrew and meaning â€Å"lily,† is unrelated.) Ensue originally meant â€Å"follow† or â€Å"seek†; it retains only the former sense. Two other words whose derivation from sequi may not be apparent are sect, which pertains to a group within a religion with distinctive beliefs or observances, and execute, which means â€Å"follow up,† though it also developed the sense of â€Å"carry out capital punishment† from a legal sense of â€Å"passing judgment.† Sequin, a word for a small, shiny ornament often used on clothing, is unrelated; it derives ultimately from an Arabic term pertaining to minting currency, from the resemblance of a sequin to a gold coin. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" In Search of a 4-Dot EllipsisPeople vs. Persons

Global Marketing Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Marketing Communication - Essay Example The project was built with a support from the Australian filmmaker, Darius Devas. The inclusion of Devas was important as he had already travelled to Goa, India. He was allowed to document the reunion of his old friends who were there as part of Goa hippy Mecca in the 1970s. The documentary was built by collecting response from the significant personalities which were key in the entire story. At the first stage, the Dubs has come up with 13 video vignettes on the platform of Facebook. This was done on a regular basis throughout the months of March and April, 2010. The platform was chosen in the wake of customers’ growing attraction towards the online content. The project was an effort by the leading broadcast medium SBS, Freehand Television, Screen Australia and Screen NSW. The strategy was implemented in two stages. At the first stage, the Facebook Group was considered to attract the audiences. At the later stage, the Facebook fan page was included to communicate with the tar get audiences. The project started off with the introduction of ‘Goa Hippy Tribe’, an online community to connect the relevant people and communities. The community page put its effort to be linked and associated with the audience group who is passionate about the group and emotionally tied up with the Goa hippy community. The videos were related to certain themes like drug subculture, young age spirituality and trance music which can be associated with the Goa. Furthermore, the Dubs also used other media platforms like YouTube and Flickr to push its product to additional audiences. The project was a success as there was audience engagement in the making of this documentary TV series. As the people felt that they were actually involved in the making of the process. The loyalty was enormous with the feel of joint ownership. The audience base also increased through word of mouth communication. At the end stage, after the documentary was done, a fan page was created to rea ch out to a larger audience group. Through the group and fan page, the project was able to reach out to 9000 fans without spending a dollar on traditional marketing or advertising on air. Traditionally in a documentary film, there is enough research involved with a considerable number of interview processes. These are never released to the audiences (Tay, 2010). However, as those were released and were used to shape up the documentary films, people felt connected to the making process of the same leading to an emotional feeling and passion for the documentary series. Facebook also allowed the audience sot take part in the group discussion for this project leading to fetching a considerable attraction from its fans. This feeling of involvement was possible through Facebook and led to the success of the documentary series. Link between the Case and Relevant Theories Communication is one unique activity which establishes the relationship. The communication has been central to the integ rative marketing process. Dunca and Moriaty have come up with a communication based marketing model to manage the relationships. They developed a model displaying the significance of communication in the foundation of the marketing efforts. The communication seems to be one of the most significant elements of the marketing leading to the establishment of the brand relationships with

Intenational finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intenational finance - Assignment Example management) is tasked to handle the resources of another (i.e, the investor). In financial undertakings, the existence of moral hazard comes in many forms, such as where management pays itself excessive compensation out of the funds it manages on behalf of its investor, or where it makes decisions to take on risks that the other has to bear. Where interests of management and investor are not aligned, then there is a potential for moral hazard. From its very definition, moral hazards are inevitable; the key is to keep them under reasonable control, which is the major objective of institutional design. The link between risk-taking and moral hazards runs according to this rationale: if I am faced with the option to take risks that may be potentially rewarding for us both, but you bear the burden of the risk, then I have the incentive to take them. However, if I were to bear the potential loss, then I will act more responsibly and cautiously (Dowd, 2009). The moral hazard lies in taking the risk for which another has to bear the consequence. The recent subprime crisis was replete with instances of moral hazards gone uncontrolled. One was the creation of mortgages to subprime borrowers who had little or no capacity to repay the loan (Brummer, 2008), and then selling this loan to Fannie Mae (the Federal National Mortgage Association) which then securitizes the risk and sells it out as mortgage backed securities (MBS).